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Electrical panels are the most important component of the electrical system. They represent a central point for directing, regulating, and monitoring electrical power according to its specifications. They also control the manual or automatic connection and disconnection of electrical current to the connected circuits, whether during maintenance or when a fault occurs in one of the connected circuits.

The Function of the Electrical Distribution Panel

The sub-panel is fed from the facility's main power source (the main panel) to the sub-breakers from the main circuit breaker. Each sub-breaker is assigned to a specific circuit based on the load it will operate. Each electrical circuit has its own sub-breaker. When an electrical fault occurs, only the sub-breaker for the faulty circuit will trip, while the remaining circuits remain operational and unaffected by the fault.

The most important functions of an electrical distribution panel

1. Distributing electrical power according to the power supply system to the various electrical load circuits, according to their specifications and operating conditions.

2. Protecting electrical load circuits from overcurrent and short circuits, as well as protecting against the risk of ground leakage in the event of a fault in one of the connected electrical circuits, or during maintenance.

3. Controlling the connection and disconnection of electrical current, manually or automatically.

Types of Electrical Distribution Panels

Distribution panels are divided, based on their location in the distribution network, into: main distribution panels, sub-distribution panels, and final distribution panels.

Main Distribution Board (MDB)

This is the main board that supplies a large building or a group of buildings, each containing a number of residential apartments. It is usually supplied by the electricity company's main power supply (the transformer) via the metering panel, which in turn distributes it to the rest of the building's sections through one or more sub-distribution panels. Therefore, it has a high short-circuit capacity. There are two types of MDBs.

1. Two-Section Main Board

This board contains two sections (doors). One contains the circuit breaker connected to the transformer. This circuit breaker is often an ACB, ranging in rated power from 1000 to 3000 amps. The other section contains sub-breakers to supply the sub-boards. These sub-breakers are often MCCB, ranging in rated power from 1000 to 400 amps.

2- Single-section main panel

This panel may be connected to the transformer or fed directly from the pulley. It contains a three-phase main breaker with a capacity of 400-800 amps, along with a number of three-phase sub-breakers of varying capacities, provided that no single breaker capacity exceeds the capacity of the main breaker. The main breaker is installed vertically, while the sub-breakers are horizontal. These panels are equipped with a connection to connect the neutral bar to the ground bar.

Sub-distribution board (SDB)

This panel is connected to the main panel via a sub-cable on one side. It may be connected to the electrical loads directly in the building on the other side, or it may feed one or more distribution panels, called the final distribution panel.

The sub-panel is installed directly after the meter and contains a set of automatic switches, each of which protects an electrical circuit. In large buildings, each apartment or floor has its own sub-panel and meter, fed from the main panel.

This type of panel is similar to the main power supply panels, but differs in that it lacks measuring and indication devices. This type of panel draws power from the main power supply boards (MDBs) to distribute power to the final distribution boards (FDBs), located inside residential apartments. The sub-distribution boards are cabinets containing distribution bars mounted on insulators at measured distances from each other and painted in different colors for identification.

Final Distribution Board - FDB

This panel is the final point that controls the operation of electrical loads within the building. It is installed inside residential apartments and is called a drummer. It contains copper bars called bars for installing circuit breakers. There are a number of miniature circuit breakers to supply the household circuits. The number of these circuit breakers is determined by the number of circuits required. The MCB circuit breakers have a 10 kA breaking capacity, depending on the circuit load to be supplied.

There are also a number of bars with several openings for connecting the neutral line and a bar for connecting the ground line. The neutral line bars are placed on the right of the panel, and the ground bars are placed on the left of the panel. The area of ​​this panel is determined by the number of circuit breakers installed within it, and there are certain specifications that specify the area of ​​these panels.

These panels can be classified according to the type of loads connected to them, into power panels and

lighting panels.